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Contemporary Criminal Justice Systems Ethnographic-Observational Assignment - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 892 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Culture Essay Level High school Tags: Ethnographic Essay Did you like this example? Prior to becoming a student at the University of Baltimore, I considered the surrounding neighborhood. Ive never had the chance to really explore it though. Having the opportunity to observe the neighborhood outside of my normal routine has been an interesting experience. It was a gorgeous day in the City of Baltimore During my observation. I examined the flow of traffic in the area as well as the demographic, business, activity, and the body language of bystanders. In terms of transportation, it was clear that people travelled multiple ways. I observed people walking, riding bicycles, and using public transportation which included taking the bus and using the light rail. There was also the occasional motorized scooter. When looking at means of transportation, I noticed that while a majority of the cars I saw were typically compact cars, I also saw some luxury vehicles as well. It was impressive to see people using all of the varieties of transportation. Everyone I saw seemed to have an efficient way of getting around. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Contemporary Criminal Justice Systems Ethnographic-Observational Assignment" essay for you Create order Something unique about this neighborhood is the demographic. Various types of people reside in Mount Vernon. When I walked south from the University of Baltimores campus on North Charles Street, I saw that most people were wearing casual clothing. Since the neighborhood rests among four major universities, I understood that they were more than likely college students at either the University of Baltimore, University of Maryland, Johns Hopkins University, or Maryland Institute College of Art. Additionally, I saw some people dressed in business attire as well. Mount Vernon is mostly home to single, thirty-something, white collar individuals. Individual households far outweigh family households in the area as well. In combination with the neighborhood demographic, I also observed housing. While housing in Mount Vernon is mostly contemporary, it is also chic and modern. There is a plethora of rich history in the area. I feel this is because a majority of homes were constructed in the la te 19th century. I spoke to a few people to figure out why people choose to live in Mount Vernon. One said, its very diverse, youve got pizza at one end of the street and if you walk down this way youve got Indian cuisine. I was also told that there are various options for entertainment. As a resident of a neighborhood relatively close to the city, I do know about the entertainment options that rest in Mount Vernon but it was nice to be informed about additional options I havent heard of. Mount Vernon is often referred to as the Gayborhood. More or less, it was crowned with this phrase because the Mount Vernon neighborhood provided a sanctuary and a safe place for the LGBT community. This falls into my observation of safety. Overall, it appeared that Mount Vernon is a fairly safe neighborhood for all individuals. I wanted to expand my search a bit further and decided to consult a real estate website to get a better understanding quantitatively on crime rates in the Mount Vernon area. As of April 2018, trulia.com reported 253 thefts, 143 assaults, 97 burglaries, 68 arrests, and 46 robberies. This website also provided a list of incidents and the type of offense. The calls for service were provided by the Baltimore City Police which trulia.com provided in the crime report. One of the business I went into was called Insomnia Cookies. They are a small cookie/bakery franchise located on North Charles Street and provide freshly baked cookies until 3am. The most interesting thing about it is that they deliver as well, by bicycle. It appeared that Mount Vernon is a Mecca for food, entertainment, and culture. There are a variety of choices for dining. I noticed that most of the restaurants are bistro-style and range from Thai, Italian, Indian, Ethiopian, Greek, and everything else in between. I now understand why there is a strong cultural influence culinarily. The culture alone is one of the reasons that many choose to reside in the area. Organizations native to the Mount Vernon area consist of The Walters Art Museum, a place that Ive visited multiple times. They possess artifacts from over fifty-five centuries and offer activities for people of all ages. I recall being particularly interested in the ancient Egyptian exhibit because of the exquisite jewelry, headpieces, and neckplates. Additional organizations that rest in Mount Vernon are the Peabody Institute, Maryland Historical Society, and Baltimore School for the Arts. These organizations are unique to Mount Vernon and have been featured in films as well. I suppose these business and organizations are located where they are based on accessibility. They are seen easily from the street and cater to all persons. Overall, this observation was enjoyable. I was able to see Mount Vernon in a way that Ive never seen it before. Its quite a culture shock when this isnt the norm for everyone. My typical commute to the University of Baltimore consists of driving around or through Mount Vernon so Ive never really had an opportunity to see the neighborhood for its true potential. Maybe in a few years Ill consider relocating. Bibliography Point 2 Homes. (n.d.). Retrieved May 5, 2018, from point2homes.com: https://www.point2homes.com/US/Neighborhood/MD/Baltimore-City/Mount-Vernon-Demographics.html Trulia LLC. (2018, April). Crime Data in Mount Vernon. Retrieved May 5, 2018, from trulia.com: https://www.trulia.com/real_estate/Mount_Vernon-Baltimore/3669/crime/

Evidence suggests a link between Late Onset Free Essays

It is a primary degenerative disease of the cerebral cortex. It accounts for over 65% of all dementia cases, commonest cause of dementia. First described by Alzheimer in 1907 and named after him by Kraeplin. We will write a custom essay sample on Evidence suggests a link between Late Onset or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is a progressive brain damage. It destroys brain cells, causing problems with memory, thinking and behavior. The incidence is about 2 – 7 % at ages above 65yrs. This doubles after every additional 5yrs to 8-10% at 80yrs and 30-40% at 90yrs. Rare below 50yrs. This progressive increase in incidence with age has caused significant medical, social and economic concerns in nations with growing number of elderly people. It is the 6th leading cause of death in the United States. It does not have any current cure; treatment available is targeted at presenting symptoms. Pathology Aetiology: The cause is unknown. However there is increased incidence in Down’s syndrome. The risk is also higher with increased free radical formation and failure of antioxidant defenses which may contribute to the degeneration [SOD is reduced by 25% in the frontal cortex and hippocampus]. It is occasionally familial. Besides, genetic studies show linkage between Familial AD and loci on chromosomes 1, 14 21. Late onset AD is a heterogenous disorder. Evidence suggests a link between Late Onset AD and atherosclerosis, inflammation and cholesterol. Linkage has also been found to a gene locus on chromosome 19q. There is also a strong association between Alzheimer disease and amyloid proteins. In this disease condition, there is a breakdown in some of the synapses that serve the function of information storage, processing and memory; this spreads to other cells and over time, these cells die. Such affected cells are surrounded by plaques and contain characteristic tangles. Macroscopy: Macroscopic examination of the brain shows a variable degree of cortical atrophy with widened sulci. These changes are pronounced in the frontal, temporal and parietal lobes. Hydrocephalus ex vacuo -compensatory ventricular enlargement occurs due to parenchyma loss. Microscopy: Microscopic examination shows senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid angiopathy. All these changes are also found in the brains of elderly because they are features of aging. The pathologic changes seen in this disease begin first in the entorhinal cortex, spread to the hippocampus and isocortex and eventually to the neocortex. Senile plaques: are spherical collections of dilate neuritic processes which surround a central amyloid core. The neuritic processes are also called dystrophic neuritis; are silver-staining and contain paired helical filaments, abnormal mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. The periphery is occupied by microglial cells and astrocytes. The amyloid core is stained by Congo red stain; it contains abnormal proteins predominantly amyloid proteins. There are also diffuse plaques in those with Down syndrome; these lack the neuritic processes seen in senile plaques. Neurofibrillary tangles: bundles of filaments in the cytoplasm of the neurons encircling the nucleus. They are vivid as fibrillary structures with silver staining although they are also basophilic with Hematoxylin and Eosin stain. These structures contain paired helical and straight filaments; the former contain protein tau, Microtubule-associated protein [MAP2] and ubiquitin. The quantities of these tangles correspond to the degree of dementia. Another pathologic feature is Amyloid angiopathy which is an invariable finding in Alzheimer disease associated with amyloid protein. Besides, there is also accumulation of intraneuronal vacuoles in the cytoplasm. Amyloid angiopathy, hirano bodies are mostly within the frontal, parietal and temporal cortex, hippocampus and substantia inominata. There is also marked reduction in Ach, NE, 5-HT. Diagnosis Alzheimer disease usually becomes clinically apparent as insidious impairment of higher mental functions with changes in mood and behaviour. Later progressive impairment in orientation, memory, attention and concentration worsens. Eventually patient becomes mute, immobile and severely disturbed. The diagnosis of Alzheimer disease is based on a combination of clinical and pathologic presentations. There are impaired cognitive functions, Psychotic features such as delusion and hallucinations, and depression. The course is relentlessly progressive. Survival rate varies between 8 10yrs Management includes Good history, mental state and thorough physical examination. Every patient must be thoroughly evaluated to determine the extent and severity of the disease. Psychometric testing – for confirmation, Mini Mental State Examination ,7-min screening, mental test score, clinical dementia rating, Wechsler adult intelligence scale [WAIS: current IQ to previous I Q] Investigation: these physical investigations are useful to access the physical status of the patient; identify any physical illness and determine co-morbidities. Blood test : full haemogram, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, C-Reactive Protein, urea and electrolyte, Fasting and random blood sugar, liver function test, Ca, Vitamin B12, Folate assay, Thyroid function test. Imaging: Chest X-Ray, cranial CT scan, MRI, PET, SPECT, angiography Others: Lumbar Puncture and CSF analysis, brain biopsy for histology Treatment Generally, goal of treatment is to maintain remaining ability as far as possible to preserve dignity, relieve distressing symptoms, slow disease progression provide care for as long as possible in the familiar home environment. Patients should be made aware of their condition if possible. Inform patient the nature of the disease so that they can adapt favorably to existing conditions. Family support is an important part of the treatment plan: Counseling of the relatives careers, family support and medical problems of the careers also deserve particular attention. The emphasis here is to encourage family members to show understanding for patient’s condition and help them live well with the condition. Behavioral methods that have been suggested include re- enforcement, shaping, desensitization, prompts other practical aids to cope with forgetfulness. Drug treatment: there is not cure for Alzheimer disease but some drugs have proven useful in patients. These drugs are used based on their mechanism of action and the pathogenesis of the disease. These include: Antioxidants: these are useful to reduce free radicals implicated as etiologic agents for AD. Anticholinesterases, such as neostigmine, physostigmine increase, Ach levels. Antipsychotics are indicated to control paranoid delusions while antidepressants may be indicated when depressive symptoms are prominent. Prevention: recent evidence suggests that participation in cognitively demanding activities in later life can be preventive. Prognosis The changes in Alzheimer disease are irreversible. The disease is terribly progressive and the biological history can rarely be altered. This makes the prognosis unfavorable. However, palliative measures can be adopted to alleviate the deficit and preserve remaining functions. References Cummings J, Cole G: Alzheimer Disease, JAMA 287:2335, 2002 Braak H, Braak E: Frequency of Stages of Alzheimer-related lesions in different age categories. Neurobiol Aging 18:351; 1997 Braak H, Braak E: Neuropahtological staging of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathol [Berl] 82:239; 1991 Mirra SM, Hart MN, Terry RD: Making the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Arch Pathol Lab Med 117:131, 1993 How to cite Evidence suggests a link between Late Onset, Papers